Ingredient Evidence & Dose Guide
Ingredient Evidence & Dose Guide | Edge+Ease PM + AM Supplements
Explore the evidence, dose relevance, ingredient forms and formulation logic behind all 21 Edge+Ease AM + PM actives, including Cognizin®, Affron®, glycine, magnesium and Sunfiber®.
Edge+Ease is a premium AM + PM supplement system built around 21 curated actives. This guide explains the human evidence, dose relevance, ingredient form, timing and formulation role of every active, including which ingredients are hero actives, supporting actives and nutrient foundations.
Show the ingredient. Show the amount. Show the evidence. Show the limitation.
Not every ingredient has the same type or strength of evidence - and we don't present them as though they do.
For every edge+ease active, we consider:
human evidence · dose relevance · ingredient form · timing · tolerability · repeated daily use · biological role · fit within the complete PM + AM system
Where an exact relevant human-study amount makes sense, we use it.
Where an ingredient plays a supporting role, we say so.
Where the evidence comes from an authorised nutrient function rather than an ingredient trial, we make that distinction clear.
Our evidence framework
● Direct human - dose relevance
The same ingredient - and where relevant, the same branded material - has been studied in humans at the same daily amount.
◕ Close human - dose relevance
Relevant human research uses the same ingredient at a closely comparable amount.
◐ Human research · different context
Human research exists, but the dose, preparation, extract or study setting differs meaningfully from edge+ease.
◆ Authorised nutrient function
Included principally for defined nutritional functions authorised for use in Great Britain.
○ Supporting formulation amount
Included for its role within the wider formulation rather than presented as a standalone clinical-study dose.
Why forms and standardisation matter
The ingredient name alone does not tell you everything. Where relevant, edge+ease specifies the form, branded material or standardised plant compound used - from Cognizin® and Affron® to P5P, R5P, L-methylfolate, methylcobalamin and botanicals standardised to defined levels of carnosic acid, rosmarinic acid or apigenin.
This helps make the formula more precisely characterised and consistent from serving to serving. It does not, by itself, prove clinical efficacy.
Curated, not crowded
We deliberately avoided a “kitchen-sink” formulation approach.
More ingredients do not automatically make a better formula. Every active in edge+ease has to justify its place through its evidence, amount, form, timing, tolerability and role within the complete PM + AM system.
Broad all-in-one formulas can be useful for foundational nutrition. Our objective is different: a targeted, time-separated system where every ingredient has a defined reason for being there.
Completeness is not the goal. Appropriateness is.
Why 21 actives?
The number was not a target.
We started with the roles the PM and AM formulas needed to fulfil, then assessed which ingredients justified inclusion.
Some ingredients provide direct human-dose relevance. Others contribute a defined nutritional or supporting role. If an ingredient could not justify its place in the complete system, label count alone was not a reason to include it.
Formulated in context, not ingredient by ingredient
Ingredients do not exist in isolation once they are combined into a daily formula.
We consider dose overlap, total daily exposure, nutrient balance, ingredient form, timing, tolerability, practical serving size and where biological roles overlap or remain distinct.
This does not prove clinical synergy. It means the formula is assessed as a system rather than as 21 separate ingredient decisions.
Evidence roles at a glance
PM hero actives: Glycine · Sunfiber® PHGG · L-Ornithine
AM hero actives: Cognizin® Citicoline · Affron® Saffron
Strong supporting active: Phosphatidylserine
Supporting actives: L-Tyrosine · Taurine
Supporting botanicals: Lemon Balm · Chamomile · Rosemary
Core/nutrient foundation: Magnesium · Zinc · Copper · B vitamins
How we select research
We prioritise human studies, randomised controlled trials where available, systematic reviews, research using the same branded ingredient or a closely relevant amount, and official authorised nutrient claims.
We also consider study population, duration, ingredient form and limitations - and include relevant mixed or negative findings rather than selecting only favourable results.
Evidence last reviewed: October 2026
Why PM + AM instead of one formula?
PM and AM were formulated for different parts of the daily routine.
We considered not only what to include, but how much, in what form and when it fits most coherently within the complete system.
AM · Substrates, membrane components and nutrient cofactors - not stimulation
Citicoline, phosphatidylserine and tyrosine contribute different precursor or structural roles, while selected B vitamins support related metabolic pathways.
For example, vitamin B6 as P5P acts as a cofactor in the enzymatic conversion of L-DOPA to dopamine.
The aim is not to create a stimulant stack. It is a caffeine-free morning formula in which ingredients have distinct but biologically connected roles.
PM · Gram-level amino acids, fibre, minerals and botanicals - not sedation
PM creates room for meaningful quantities that would be impractical in a small capsule serving.
Glycine and ornithine bring distinct amino-acid roles. Magnesium contributes defined nutritional functions. Sunfiber® PHGG adds a separate gut-fibre dimension. Lemon balm and chamomile provide the botanical layer, while zinc and copper form part of the wider mineral architecture.
Different roles. Different format. No melatonin.
Why two formats?
Some ingredients need grams, not token milligrams.
PM uses a powder so ingredients such as 3 g glycine and 2.5 g Sunfiber® PHGG can be included at meaningful amounts without creating a large capsule burden. AM stays concentrated in two capsules.
Format is part of the formulation.
PM
Glycine · 3 g
● Direct human-dose relevance
Published human research has used 3 g glycine before bedtime - the same amount provided in PM.
Role: Hero active
Connected role: Brings a distinct amino-acid component into the wider PM nervous-system and cellular architecture.
Evidence boundary: Research on glycine alone does not establish the effect of the finished PM formula.
See the research
Human study · Yamadera et al. (2007) →
Review · Bannai & Kawai (2012) →
Sunfiber® PHGG · 2.5 g
◕ Close human-dose relevance
The same branded Sunfiber® PHGG material has been studied in humans at 3 g and 5 g per day.
PM provides 2.5 g — close to the lower studied amount — selected in the context of the complete nightly formula, including repeated daily use, tolerability and total formulation load.
Role: Hero active
Connected role: Adds a distinct gut-fibre dimension to PM rather than duplicating the roles of the other evening actives.
Evidence boundary: 2.5 g is close to, but not identical to, the 3 g study amount.
See the research
Human study · Abe et al. (2023) →
Human study · Yasukawa et al. (2019) →
L-Ornithine · 400 mg
● Direct human-dose relevance
Published randomised human research has used 400 mg L-ornithine per day - the same amount provided in PM.
Role: Hero active
Evidence boundary: Ingredient research does not establish the effect of the complete PM + AM system.
See the research
Human study · Miyake et al. (2014) →
Human study · Fukuda et al. (2018) →
Magnesium Bisglycinate · 150 mg elemental magnesium
◕ Meaningful nutrient amount · human research at a nearby amount
Magnesium bisglycinate is the main magnesium source in PM.
Recent randomised human research has studied magnesium bisglycinate providing 250 mg elemental magnesium per day. PM does not claim to replicate that intervention: it provides 150 mg from bisglycinate within a 200 mg total elemental-magnesium serving.
Role: Core nutrient
Considered dose: More is not automatically better. Magnesium was set in the context of the complete nightly formula, where nutritional contribution, tolerability and total formulation load all matter.
See the research
Human study · Schuster et al. (2025) →
Systematic review · Magnesium supplementation for sleep (2026) →
Magnesium Taurinate · 50 mg elemental magnesium
◆ Specified supporting mineral form
Magnesium taurinate contributes the remaining 50 mg of PM's 200 mg total elemental magnesium.
It was selected as a complementary second magnesium form rather than positioned as a standalone clinical-study dose.
Role: Core nutrient
Evidence boundary: We do not treat research on another magnesium form or amount as evidence for this exact magnesium-taurinate dose.
Authorised claims
Great Britain Nutrition & Health Claims Register →
Minerals are considered as a system too
PM provides 200 mg total elemental magnesium across two specified forms, with zinc and copper considered together rather than simply maximising individual label numbers.
Lemon Balm Extract · 200 mg
◐ Human research · different extracts and amounts
Our lemon balm extract is standardised to provide 12 mg rosmarinic acid.
Human research uses different preparations, standardisations and amounts, so those milligram quantities are not directly interchangeable with ours.
Role: Supporting botanical
Why standardisation matters: It gives the extract a defined, consistent specification rather than simply listing an unspecified lemon balm powder or extract.
See the research
Human study · Kennedy et al. (2004) →
Chamomile Extract · 150 mg
◐ Human research · different preparations
PM provides a standardised chamomile extract supplying 30 mg apigenin.
Human chamomile studies use different extracts, preparations and amounts.
Role: Supporting botanical
Why standardisation matters: It tells you what our extract actually provides. It does not make the edge+ease extract equivalent to every chamomile study.
See the research
Human study · Zick et al. (2011) →
Zinc · 12 mg · 120% NRV
◆ Authorised nutrient function
Zinc contributes to normal cognitive function, normal immune-system function and the protection of cells from oxidative stress.
Role: Nutrient foundation
Connected role: Considered alongside copper because trace-mineral balance matters more than maximising either nutrient in isolation.
Authorised claims
Great Britain Nutrition & Health Claims Register →
Copper · 1 mg · 100% NRV
◆ Authorised nutrient function
Copper contributes to normal functioning of the nervous system, normal energy-yielding metabolism and the protection of cells from oxidative stress.
Role: Nutrient foundation
Connected role: Included alongside zinc as part of the wider PM mineral architecture rather than treated as an isolated ingredient.
Official claims basis
Great Britain Nutrition & Health Claims Register →
AM
Cognizin® Citicoline · 250 mg
● Exact branded ingredient / relevant human-study amount
Research depth: Selected not only for its defined branded specification and exact-dose relevance, but for the broader human research programme behind Cognizin®.
Published randomised human research has used 250 mg per day of Cognizin® — the same branded citicoline and daily amount provided in AM.
Role: Hero active
Connected role: Contributes choline within phospholipid and neuronal metabolism and sits alongside phosphatidylserine within the wider membrane architecture.
Evidence boundary: Cognizin® studies support the ingredient evidence. They do not prove the effect of the finished edge+ease formula.
See the research
Human study · McGlade et al. (2012) →
Human study · Nakazaki et al. (2021) →
Affron® Saffron · 28 mg
● Exact branded ingredient / relevant human-study amount
Research depth: Affron® is supported by a substantial branded human-research programme, including multiple randomised trials using the same 28 mg daily amount provided in AM.
Multiple randomised human studies have used 28 mg per day of Affron® - the same branded saffron ingredient and daily amount provided in AM.
Role: Hero active
Evidence boundary: Affron® research is ingredient evidence, not finished-system evidence.
See the research
Human study · Kell et al. (2017) →
Human study · Lopresti et al. (2022) →
Phosphatidylserine · 150 mg
◐ Considered formulation amount
Human studies have used a range of phosphatidylserine amounts, commonly including approximately 100–300 mg per day.
AM provides 150 mg - selected as a meaningful supporting amount within the complete multi-ingredient formula rather than simply matching the highest standalone study dose.
Role: Strong supporting active
Connected role: Adds a structural membrane phospholipid alongside citicoline within the wider neuronal-membrane architecture.
See the research
Human study · Kato-Kataoka et al. (2010) →
L-Tyrosine · 250 mg
○ Supporting formulation amount
Human research on tyrosine in acute cognitive or environmental-stress settings frequently uses substantially higher, weight-based amounts.
AM therefore does not present 250 mg as equivalent to those high-dose standalone studies.
Role: Supporting active
Connected role: A precursor within catecholamine synthesis, positioned alongside nutrient cofactors that support related metabolism.
See the research
Human study · Deijen & Orlebeke (1994) →
Human study · Steenbergen et al. (2015) →
Taurine · 350 mg
○ Supporting formulation amount
Taurine has been researched in humans, but cognition studies commonly use substantially higher acute amounts and findings are mixed.
We therefore position taurine as a supporting component of the complete caffeine-free AM formula rather than presenting 350 mg as a standalone clinical-study dose.
Role: Supporting active
See the research
Systematic review & meta-analysis · Cao et al. (2025) →
Rosemary Extract · 40 mg
○ Standardised supporting botanical
AM provides 40 mg rosemary extract standardised to 20% carnosic acid, supplying 8 mg per serving.
Human rosemary studies use preparations that differ substantially in concentration and amount.
Role: Supporting botanical
Why standardisation matters: Botanical extracts can vary substantially. Standardising to carnosic acid provides a defined, consistent specification rather than relying on an unspecified rosemary extract.
See the research
Human study · Pengelly et al. (2012) →
AM nutrient architecture
The B vitamins in AM are included for their defined nutritional functions - not to create an unnecessarily high-dose B-complex.
Where relevant, we specify the form as well as the amount.
Thiamine · Vitamin B1 · 10 mg
◆ Authorised nutrient function
Thiamine contributes to normal energy-yielding metabolism, normal functioning of the nervous system and normal psychological function.
Considered dose: Included for its defined nutritional role within AM rather than simply maximising the %NRV.
Role in AM: Nutrient foundation
Official claims basis
Great Britain Nutrition & Health Claims Register →
Riboflavin · Vitamin B2 · 1.5 mg · as R5P
◆ Authorised nutrient function · specified form
Riboflavin contributes to normal energy-yielding metabolism, normal nervous-system function, reduction of tiredness and fatigue, and protection of cells from oxidative stress.
Considered dose: A purposeful nutritional amount using a specified riboflavin form rather than megadosing.
Role in AM: Nutrient foundation
Official claims basis
Great Britain Nutrition & Health Claims Register →
Pantothenic Acid · Vitamin B5 · 5 mg
◆ Authorised nutrient function
Pantothenic acid contributes to normal mental performance, normal energy-yielding metabolism and the reduction of tiredness and fatigue.
Considered dose: Included for its defined role within AM - not because a larger number makes the formula look stronger.
Role in AM: Nutrient foundation
Official claims basis
Great Britain Nutrition & Health Claims Register →
Vitamin B6 · 3.5 mg · as P5P
◆ Authorised nutrient function · specified form
Vitamin B6 contributes to normal psychological function, normal nervous-system function, normal energy-yielding metabolism, reduction of tiredness and fatigue, and regulation of hormonal activity.
Considered dose: P5P is used at a measured amount within the complete AM formula. More is not automatically better, particularly in a product intended for repeated daily use.
Connected role: P5P acts as a cofactor in the enzymatic conversion of L-DOPA to dopamine.
Role in AM: Nutrient foundation
Official claims basis
Great Britain Nutrition & Health Claims Register →
Biochemical context · Complexity of dopamine metabolism →
Folate · 100 µg · as calcium L-methylfolate
◆ Authorised nutrient function · specified form
Folate contributes to normal psychological function, reduction of tiredness and fatigue, and normal amino-acid synthesis.
Considered dose: L-methylfolate is used as a supporting nutritional amount rather than a high-dose intervention.
Connected role: Folate sits within one-carbon metabolism alongside vitamin B12, with B2 and B6 participating in connected metabolic reactions.
Role in AM: Nutrient foundation
Official claims basis
Great Britain Nutrition & Health Claims Register →
Biochemical context · B Vitamins and One-Carbon Metabolism (2020) →
Vitamin B12 · 100 µg · as methylcobalamin
◆ Authorised nutrient function · specified form
Vitamin B12 contributes to normal energy-yielding metabolism, normal psychological function, normal nervous-system function and reduction of tiredness and fatigue.
Considered dose: We specify methylcobalamin and the exact amount rather than treating a higher %NRV as evidence of greater cognitive benefit.
Connected role: B12 and folate have closely related nutritional roles within one-carbon metabolism and related cellular processes.
Role in AM: Nutrient foundation
Official claims basis
Great Britain Nutrition & Health Claims Register →
Biochemical context · B Vitamins and One-Carbon Metabolism (2020) →
Why we don't simply use the highest dose found in research
A dose used in one standalone study is not automatically the right amount for a daily multi-ingredient formula. Studies differ in population, duration, ingredient form, extract, study objective, dosing schedule and whether an ingredient was tested alone or in combination.
So our formulation question is not:
“What is the biggest number we can put on the label?”
It is:
“What role does this ingredient play in the complete formula, what evidence is relevant to that role, and what amount makes sense alongside everything else?”
That is why edge+ease distinguishes between:
Direct human-dose matches - including Cognizin®, Affron®, glycine and L-ornithine
and
Considered supporting amounts - including phosphatidylserine, tyrosine and taurine.
We do not present them as the same thing.
Connected biology does not mean proven synergy
Ingredients can participate in overlapping or complementary biological processes without that proving that they act synergistically in a finished product.
We consider those connections because they help inform what belongs together, what belongs in AM or PM, where roles overlap, where they remain distinct and where total exposure matters.
Biological rationale is not a substitute for finished-product evidence.
Research on the finished edge+ease system
Ingredient evidence and finished-product evidence are different.
The complete edge+ease PM + AM system is being studied separately in a registered 12-week human clinical study involving 35 participants.
The study is single-arm and open-label. It can provide useful information about changes over time, tolerability and use of the complete system, but it does not provide placebo-controlled proof of efficacy.
Clinical trial registration: NCT07721506 →
Until the finished-system results have been analysed, we describe edge+ease as:
Evidence-informed. Not clinically proven.
Our formulation principle
Connected biology. Considered timing and dosing. 20 formulation checks. One PM + AM system.
Every amount disclosed.
Specified forms where they matter.
No proprietary blends.
No caffeine.
No added stimulants.
No melatonin.
A note on research
Links are provided to make our evidence base easier to examine.
Ingredient studies differ in population, duration, formulation and outcomes. Their inclusion here does not mean the same outcomes have been demonstrated for the finished edge+ease system.
Why don't we list every study?
Our aim is not to create the longest bibliography.
We highlight research that is most useful for understanding the ingredient, form, amount or formulation decision used in edge+ease. Additional literature is reviewed as part of our ongoing evidence process.
A longer reference list does not make an ingredient more effective - relevance and study quality matter more than citation count.
Our ambition
Our ambition is to set a higher standard for premium AM + PM supplement formulation.
edge+ease is designed as a premium AM + PM supplement system built around 21 curated actives - not the longest possible ingredient list.
We believe a considered formulation should be able to explain why every active is included, why it is used at that amount, why it belongs in AM or PM, what evidence supports it, and where that evidence stops.
Curated, not crowded. Evidence-informed, transparently dosed, and designed as one connected daily system.
What does a better premium supplement formulation look like?
To us, the best formulation isn't the one with the longest label. It's the one where every ingredient can justify its place.